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Python Quick Look

Preface

Python is getting popular and there are several good introductions on the web. Among them, the official documents such as the tutorial, the library reference, and the language reference are most useful. This page is, actually, a collection of links to the official documents. As the official documents have huge volume, links to frequently used features and library is useful. I use (the Japanese version of) this page most frequently among documents I wrote. I hope it is also useful for you.

Contents

1. Executing Python
2. The Form of Python Scripts
3. Assignment
4. Blocks
5. IO
6. Functions
7. Classes
8. Data Types
9. Operators
10. Library Tour
11. Appendix

python option   script   argvs 

python [-diOStuUvx?] [-c command | script | - ] [argvs]

Example of the start up file:

01:     # PYTHONSTARTUP
02:     
03:     import sys, math, re, os, os.path
04:     print 'sys, math, re, os, os.path has been imported.'

00:     #! /usr/bin/env python
01:     # -*- coding: iso-8859-1  -*-
02:     
03:     r"""
04:     Comments on the script
05:     Comment 1:
06:     Comment 2:
07:     """
08:     import string
09:     from datetime import date
10:     import tkinter as tk
11:     
12:     #function
13:     def sum(ls):
14:         """ returns sum of list items"""
15:         s=0
16:         for x in ls:
17:             s+=x
18:         return s
19:     
20:     class MyClass:
21:         """My class"""
22:         def __init__(self, p1, p2):
23:             self.p1 = p1
24:             self.p2 = p2
25:     
26:         def show_p1(self):
27:             return self.p1
28:     
29:         def show_p2(self):
30:             return self.p2
31:     
32:     if __name__ == '__main__':
33:         print sum([x*x for x in range(10)]

01:

This line specifies the program to execute the script. This line is valid on UNIX like system and ignored on others such as Windows and Mac. The script can be executed by script instead of python script after chmod +x script. It is recommended to add this line for portability even if the script is not executed on UNIX like system. Parts starting from '#' to the end of line are comments. Lines one and two are special comments.

02:

This line specifies the character set. Character sets iso-8859-N or utf-8 are used for Europian languages.

03 – 06:

This is the explaination on the code. String literals quoted by """ are accepted as they are. The pydoc generates the document of the source code like this automatically using comments at the top of the code, or beginning of class and function difinitions.

08 – 10:

These are statements for import modules. Python has a large library like C and C++ and most of functions, classes, constants are definec in the library (module). There are four ways to import a module:

1. import module
2. from module import name
3. import module as nickname
4. from module import *

The first way imports all the names [note 1] defined in the module. Write module.name to use the name defined in the module.

The second way imports the name only from the name. In this case, name can be used without specifing the module.

The third way is basically the same as the first way. nickname is used to specify the module. Write nickname.name to use the name.

The fourth way imports all the names of the module and the name can be used without specifing the module name. This way is not recommended as Python uses same function names in many modules. If you are lazy to add the module name, give a short nickname to the module name and use the third way.

import os.path as path
import Tkinter as tk

13 – 18:

This is a function difinition. See Chapter 5.

20 – 30:

This is a class difinition. See Chapter 6.

32 – 33:

When the script is invoked directly, Line 33 is executed. Line 32 is the charm to use this feature. As line 33 is not executed when the script is imported, the feature is convenient to test each function interactively.

c=1
if 0==(a=c):
    print 'a = 0'
else:
    print 'a = 1'

a, b, c = 1, 2, 3
(a, (b, c)) = (10, (20, 30))

if test:
    then_block
elif test_elif:
    elif_block
else:
    else_block

4.2. Loop

4.2.1. The while loop

while test:
    body_block
    if break_test:
           break
    if continue_test:
           continue
else:
    else_block

4.2.2. The for loop

for x in iterator:
    body_block
    if break_test:
           break
    if continue_test:
           continue
else:
    else_block

4.2.3. Tips for the for loop

range, xrange: loop in a range of number

The function range makes a list of numbers and returns it in an ordinal way. The for loop takes the list item one by one and applys the block to the number. On the other hand, the xrange is a generator and returns numbers in a lazy way (it returns a value only after the value being required). The xrange is suit for a wide range of numbers.

>>> for x in xrange(10):
	print x, ', ',

0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 

• range(n) ⇒ a list of 0,1,2,3....(n-1); example) range(3) ⇒ [0,1,2]
• range(n,m) ⇒ a list of n,n+1,n+2......(m-1); example) range(7,10) ⇒ [7,8,9]
• range(n,m,s) ⇒ a list of n, n+s, n+2*s,......n+X*s(< m); example) range(2,10,3) ⇒ [2,5,8]

enumerate the iterator

The function enumerate is available for this.

>>> s='abc'
>>> for i, c in enumerate(s):
	print i, ':', c, ' ',

0 : a   1 : b   2 : c    

treating file contents line by line

The for loop takes file contents line by line if a file object is given as an iterator.

for line in _file:
     ..............

iteritems()

The iteritems() method of the dictionary returns a iterator object consisting of a tuple of the key and the value. As the dictionary is a hash table, the order of items are indeterminate.

>>> days = {'sun':0, 'mon':1, 'tue':2, 'wed':3, 'thu':4, 'fri':5, 'sat':6}
>>> for k, v in days.iteritems():
	print k, ':', v, ' ',

wed : 3   sun : 0   thu : 4   tue : 2   mon : 1   fri : 5   sat : 6  

zip()

This is a function to merge lists.

>>> zip(['Bill', 'Richard', 'Michael'], ['Lucia', 'Susan', 'Maria'])
[('Bill', 'Lucia'), ('Richard', 'Susan'), ('Michael', 'Maria')]

>>> questions = ['name', 'quest', 'favorite color']
>>> answers = ['lancelot', 'the holy grail', 'blue']
>>> for q, a in zip(questions, answers):
...     print 'What is your %s?  It is %s.' % (q, a)
... 
What is your name?  It is lancelot.
What is your quest?  It is the holy grail.
What is your favorite color?  It is blue.

4.2.4. List comprehensive

# calculating the square root if the list item is positive
ls = [1, 2, -3, -4]
# conventional loop
ls1=[]
for x in ls:
    if x > 0:
        ls1.append(math.sqrt(x))
return ls1

# list comprehensive
return [ math.sqrt(x) for x in ls if x > 0]

# making the multiplication table
# conventional loop
ls1=[]
for x in range(2,13):
    for y in range(2,13):
        ls1.append(x*y)
return ls1

# list conprehensive
return [x * y for x in range(2,13) for y in range(2,13)]

4.3. Exception handling

try:
    try_block
except ??Error:
    exept_block
else:
    else_block
finally:
    finally_block

1. First, the try_block is executed.
2. If a exception occurs, exept_block is executed.
   You can write several exept_blocks for distinct type of exceptions.
3. If no exception occurs, the else_block is executed.
   You can omit this block.
4. The finally_block block is always invoked regardless of exceptions.
   You can omit this.

When you create an instance of a class in which __enter__ and __exit__ methods are defined, The 'with' statement is also available.

See Tutorial 8. Errors and Exceptions for detailed information.

5. IO

See 7. Operators to know the function of the operators used in the following code.
See sections 4.6 and 4.7 of the tutorial for detailed information about defining functions.

def sum(ls):
    """ calculating the sum of the list items"""
    s=0
    for x in ls:
        s+=x
    return s

>>>sum([1,2,3])
6

6.1. Arguements

def func(a, b, c): (ordinal way)

The function takes exact three arguments otherwise an error occurs. No default values are specified.

def func(a=0, b=1, c=2): (specifying default values)

The default values are used if the arguments are not given.

• func() ⇒ (0, 1, 2) for (a, b, c) are given to the function.
• func(10,20) ⇒ (10, 20, 2)
• func(c=100) ⇒ (0, 1, 100)

def func(a, *rest): (arbitrary number of arguments)

The rest is given as a tuple.

• func(1) ⇒ a=1 and rest=() are given
• func(1,2) ⇒ a=1 and rest=(2,)
• func(1,2,3) ⇒ a=1 and rest=(2,3)

def func(**key): ¡Êparameters are given as adictionary¡Ë

func(a=1, b=2) ⇒ key={'a':1, 'b':2} are given
If both *rest and **key are used, the *rest should be before the **key.

import sys

def my_xrange(*parms):
    lp = len(parms)
    if not 0 <= lp <= 3:
        print >> sys.stderr, "Wrong argument count."

    if(lp==0):
        i = 0
        while True:
            yield i
            i += 1
    else:
        i, n, s = (lp==1 and (0, parms[0], 1)) or \
                  (lp==2 and (parms[0], parms[1], 1)) or \
                  (parms[0], parms[1], parms[2])

        if(s==0):
            print >> sys.stderr, "Step width shuld be non-zero."
        
        elif(s > 0):
            while(i < n):
                yield i
                i+=s
            
        else:
            while(i > n):
                yield i
                i+=s

Predefined data types can be a super class in Python 2.2 and later versions. A vector class using this feature is defined in The new class of Python. That difinition is more practical.

#! /usr/bin/env python

import sys, math

def sum(ls):
    """calculating the sum of the list items"""
    s=0
    for x in ls:
        s+=x
    return(s)

class Vector:
    """
    Vector is a class for vector operations.
    """
    def __init__(self, *rest, **key):
        """
        It initialize a vector.
        It makes a vector if the items are given like:
        v1 = Vector(1,2,3)
        If the dimension and the initial value is given, it makes a vector with dimension of dim with values val.
        The initial values are set to 0 if the val is omitted.
        v1 = Vector(dim=3, val=3)
        """
        if rest:
            self.v = list(rest)
        else:
            dim = key['dim']
            val = (('val' in key) and key['val']) or 0
            self.v =  [val for x in range(dim)]

    def __len__(self):
        """It returns the dimension of the vector."""
        return len(self.v)
    
    def abs(self):
        """It returns the absolute value of the vector."""
        return math.sqrt(sum([ x * x for x in self.v ]))

    def norm(self):
        """It returns the normalized vector."""
        a = self.abs()
        b = Vector(dim=len(self))
        b.v = [x/a for x in self.v]
        return b
        
    def __add__(self, a):
        """It calculates the sum of vector and number or vector and vector. """
        b = Vector(dim=len(self))
        if isinstance(a, Vector):
            if len(self) != len(a):
                print >> sys.stderr, "Dimension Error"
            else:
                b.v =  [ x + y for x, y in zip(self.v, a.v)]
        else:
            b.v = [ x + a for x in self.v]
        return b
            
    def __mul__(self, m):
        """It calculates the product of vector and number and the inner product of two vectors."""
        if isinstance(m, Vector):
            if len(self) != len(m):
                print >> sys.stderr, "Dimension Error"
            else:
                return sum([ x * y for x, y in zip(self.v, m.v)])
        else:
            b = Vector(dim=len(self))
            b.v = [ x * m for x in self.v]
            return b

    def __repr__(self):
        """It defines the string to print vectors."""
        return '#V' + `self.v`

    __str__ = __repr__

7.1. Defining classes

class class_name(*super_classes):
  .......

7.2. Making instances

# Giving vector items explicitly. 
>>>v1 = Vector(1,2,3)
# Giving dimension and initial value
>>>v2 = Vector(dim=3, val=0)

7.3. Defining methods

>>>v = Vector(1,2,3)
# Ťµ¤Î·×»»
>>>v.abs()
3.7416573867739413

# µ¬³Ê²½¤¹¤ë
>>>v.norm()
#V[0.2672612419124244, 0.53452248382484879, 0.80178372573727319]

7.4. ´Ø¿ô¤ä±é»»»Ò¤Î¥ª¡¼¥Ð¡¼¥é¥¤¥É

>>> v1=Vector(1,2,3)
>>> v2=Vector(dim=3, val=2)
>>> v1+10
#V[11, 12, 13]
>>> v1+v2
#V[3, 4, 5]
>>> v1*100
#V[100, 200, 300]
>>> v1*v2
12

7.6. ´Ø¿ô¤Î¥¯¥é¥¹

7.6. ¥¤¥Æ¥ì¡¼¥¿¡¼

# Îã
>>> s='abcde'
>>> s[-1]      # ¥¤¥ó¥Ç¥Ã¥¯¥¹ -1 ¤ÏºÇ¸å¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ
'e'
>>> s[1:]      # ºÇ½é¤ÎÍ×ÁǤò½ü¤¯
'bcde'
>>> s[:-1]     # ºÇ¸å¤ÎÍ×ÁǤò½ü¤¯
'abcd'
>>> s*2
'abcdeabcde'
>>> min(s)
'a'
>>> max(s)
'e'
>>> s[0:-1:2]
'ac'

s = 'abcdefg'
# ÉԲġ¢Ê¸»ú¤òľÀÜÂåÆþ¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¤¡£
s[0]='z'

# ¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤·¤ÆÁ´ÂΤòºî¤êľ¤¹É¬Íפ¬¤¢¤ë¡£
s = 'z' + s[1:]

ʸ»úÎó¥á¥½¥Ã¥É

Memo:
ʸ»úÎó line ¤«¤éËöÈø¤Î²þ¹Ôʸ»ú¤ò¼è¤ê½ü¤¯¤Ë¤Ï¡¢

line = line.rstrip('\n')
# ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¡¢
import string
line = string.rstrip(line, '\n')

ʸ»úÎó¥Õ¥©¡¼¥Þ¥Ã¥È

>>>'%d:%d' % (1, 2)
'1:2'
>>>'%(month)s %(date)d, %(year)4d' % {'year':2005, 'month':'February', 'date':3}
'February 3, 2005'

8.2.2. ¥ê¥¹¥È

>>> ls=[1,2,3]
>>> ls[0]=100
>>> ls
[100, 2, 3]
>>> ls2=[ls, 10,20,30]
>>> ls2
[[100, 2, 3], 10, 20, 30]

Memo:
¥ê¥¹¥È¤ÎËöÈø¤ËÍ×ÁǤò£±¤Ä¤¯¤ï¤¨¤ë¤Ë¤Ï append ¤ò»È¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£

>>>ls = []
>>>ls.append(1)
>>>ls
[1]

¾Ü¤·¤¯¤Ï ¥Á¥å¡¼¥È¥ê¥¢¥ë 5.3. ¤ò¸«¤Æ¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£

8.3. ¼­½ñ·¿

>>>days = {'sun':0, 'mon':1, 'tue':2, 'wed':3, 'thu':4, 'fri':5, 'sat':6}  # ½é´ü²½
>>>'sun' in days                                                           # ¸ºß¤¹¤ë¤«¡©
True
>>>month={}
>>>month['jan'] = 1                                                        # ÂåÆþ
>>>month['jan'] += 1
>>>month['jan']
2
>>>del month['jan']                                                        # ºï½ü

• ñ¹à±é»»»á¤È»°¹à±é»»»Ò¤¬Ìµ¤¤¤³¤È¤ò½ü¤±¤Ð¤Û¤È¤ó¤É C ¸À¸ì¤ÈƱ¤¸¤Ç¤¹¡£
• + ¤È * ¤Ï 7.2.¤Ç½Ò¤Ù¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë ¿ôÃͱ黻¤Î¤Û¤«¤Ë¡¢ÇÛÎó¤Î·ë¹ç¤È·«¤êÊÖ¤·¤ò¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£
• and ¤È or ¤Ï Lisp É÷¤Ç¡¢¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÆ°ºî¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£

  and

  ¤Þ¤º¡¢º¸Â¦¤òɾ²Á¤·¡¢µ¶¤À¤Ã¤¿¤é¤½¤ÎÃͤòÊÖ¤¹¡£ ¿¿¤À¤Ã¤¿¤é±¦Â¦¤âɾ²Á¤·¡¢¤½¤ÎÃͤòÊÖ¤¹¡£

  or

  ¤Þ¤º¡¢¤Þ¤º¡¢º¸Â¦¤òɾ²Á¤·¡¢¿¿¤À¤Ã¤¿¤é¤½¤ÎÃͤòÊÖ¤¹¡£ µ¶¤À¤Ã¤¿¤é±¦Â¦¤âɾ²Á¤·¡¢¤½¤ÎÃͤòÊÖ¤¹¡£

  and ¤È or ¤òÁȤ߹ç¤ï¤»¤ë¤È C ¸À¸ì¤Î»°¹à±é»»»Ò¤Þ¤¿¤Ï Lisp ¤Î if ¤ËÁêÅö¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤¬½ñ¤±¤Þ¤¹¡£

  # C
  a = test? then_value: else_value
  
  # Lisp
  (setf a (if test then_value else_value))
  
  # Python
  (a,) = test and (then_value,) or (else_value,)
  

a = test and then_value or else_value

10.1. sys

sys.argv

¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¥é¥¤¥ó¤«¤éÅϤµ¤ì¤¿°ú¿ô¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ç¤¹¡£ sys.argv[0] ¤Ï¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥È¼«¿È¤Ç¡¢¼ÂºÝ¤Î°ú¿ô¤Ï sys.argv[1:] ¤Ç¤¹¡£

sys.exit()

Python ¤ò½ªÎ»¤¹¤ë¤È¤­»È¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£

10.2. os

chdir(path)

¸½ºß¤Îºî¶È¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤ò path ¤ËÀßÄꤷ¤Þ¤¹¡£

getcwd()

¸½ºß¤Îºî¶È¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤òɽ¸½¤¹¤ëʸ»úÎó¤òÊÖ¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£

listdir(path)

¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥êÆâ¤Î¥¨¥ó¥È¥ê̾¤¬Æþ¤Ã¤¿¥ê¥¹¥È¤òÊÖ¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£¥ê¥¹¥ÈÆâ¤Î½çÈÖ¤ÏÉÔÄê¤Ç¤¹¡£Æü쥨¥ó¥È¥ê '.' ¤ª¤è¤Ó '..' ¤Ï¡¢¤½¤ì¤é¤¬¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤ËÆþ¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Æ¤â¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ë¤Ï´Þ¤á¤é¤ì¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£

mkdir(path[, mode])

¿ôÃͤǻØÄꤵ¤ì¤¿¥â¡¼¥É mode ¤ò¤â¤Ä¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê path ¤òºîÀ®¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£

remove(path)

¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë path ¤òºï½ü¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£

rename(src, dst)

¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Þ¤¿¤Ï¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê src ¤ò dst ¤Ë̾Á°Êѹ¹¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£

exec[l, le, lp, lpe, v, ve, vp, vpe]

³°Éô¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤òµ¯Æ°¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£

10.3. os.path

10.4. fileinput

# fileinput ¤ò»È¤ï¤Ê¤¤¤È
for fname in sys.argv[1:]:
    f=file(fname)
    for line in f:
        (do something with line)
    f.close()

# fileinput ¤ò»È¤¦¤È
import fileinput
for line in fileinput.input():
    (do something with line)

10.5. re

1. Python ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤ò¤Þ¤º compile ¤·¤Æ¡¢Àµµ¬É½¸½¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ò ºî¤Ã¤Æ¤«¤é¸¡º÷¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£
2. ¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤Ï raw_string ¤ò»È¤Ã¤Æ½ñ¤¯¤Î¤¬ÊØÍø¤Ç¤¹¡£
3. Àµµ¬É½¸½¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï match, finditer, split ¤Ê¤É¤Î¥á¥½¥Ã¥É¤ò»ý¤Á¤Þ¤¹¡£ ¾Ü¤·¤¯¤Ï ¥é¥¤¥Ö¥é¥ê¥ê¥Õ¥¡¥ì¥ó¥¹ 4.2.4 ¤ò¸«¤Æ¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£
4. Àµµ¬É½¸½¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Çʸ»úÎó¤ò¸¡º÷¤·¤Æ¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤·¤¿Éôʬʸ»úÎó¤Ï¡¢ ¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤È¤·¤ÆÊÖ¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
5. ¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤«¤éʸ»úÎó¤ò¼è¤ê½Ð¤·¤¿¤¤¤È¤­¤Ï group ¥á¥½¥Ã¥É¤ò»È¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£ ¤Þ¤¿¡¢start, end ¥á¥½¥Ã¥É¤Ç ¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤·¤¿Éôʬʸ»úÎó¤Î°ÌÃÖ¤ò¼è¤ê½Ð¤»¤Þ¤¹¡£

Îã¡¢HTML ¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤«¤é¥ê¥ó¥¯¤ò¼è¤ê½Ð¤¹¡£

#! /usr/bin/env python
# coding: shift_jis

"""
°ú¿ô¤ÇÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤¿¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ò¸¡º÷¤·¤Æ¥ê¥ó¥¯¤ò¤òõ¤·¡¢
¤½¤ì¤ò rink.txt ¤Ë½ñ¤­½Ð¤¹¡£
"""

import sys

RINK = 'rink.txt'
A_HREF = re.compile("<a href ?= ?\"http://([^\"]+)\">([^<]+)</a>", re.S) 

#main
if __name__=='__main__':
    rink_hash={}
    for fname in sys.argv[1:]:
        f=file(fname, 'r')
        for m in A_HREF.finditer(f.read()):
            rink_hash[m.group(1)] = m.group(2)
        f.close()
    fout = file(RINK, 'w')
    for address, name in rink_hash.iteritems():
        fout.write("<li> <a href = \"http://%s\">%s</a>\n" % (address, name))
    fout.close()

10.6. shutil, filecmp, glob

shutil.copyfile

¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ò¥³¥Ô¡¼¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£

filecmp.cmp

¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ÎÈæ³Ó¤ò¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£

glob.glob(pattern)

¸½ºß¤Î¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤Î¥¨¥ó¥È¥ê¡¼¤Î¤¦¤Á pattern ¤Î¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤òÊÖ¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£

10.7. datetime

datetime.date.today()

¸½ºß¤Î¥í¡¼¥«¥ë¤ÊÆüÉÕ¤òÆÀ¤Þ¤¹¡£

datetime.datetime.now()

¸½ºß¤Î¥í¡¼¥«¥ë¤ÊÆüÉդȻþ¹ï¤òÆÀ¤Þ¤¹¡£

isoformat ¥á¥½¥Ã¥É

ÆüÉդȻþ¹ï¤ò ISO 8601 ·Á¼°¤Îʸ»úÎó¤Ë¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£

>>> datetime.date.today().isoformat()
'2005-02-02'
>>> datetime.datetime.now().isoformat()
'2005-02-02T17:50:09.867000'

strftime

Æü»þ¤ò½ñ¼°¤Ë½¾¤Ã¤Æ½ÐÎϤ·¤Þ¤¹¡£¾Ü¤·¤¯¤Ï¥é¥¤¥Ö¥é¥ê¥ê¥Õ¥¡¥ì¥ó¥¹ 6.9.7, 6.10 ¤ò¸«¤Æ¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£

>>> datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%y-%m-%d: %H:%M:%S')
'05-02-02: 23:20:12'
>>> datetime.date.today().strftime('%y-%m-%d')
'05-02-02'

10.8. operator

>>> import operator as op
>>> reduce(op.add, [1,2,3,4,5])  # 1+2+3+4+5
15

10.9. ¤½¤Î¾¤Î¥â¥¸¥å¡¼¥ë

1. ³Æ¼ï¥µ¡¼¥Ó¥¹
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